A less common approach in realizing robots is working with the top down method. In contrast, to bottom up robotics, intelligence is not defined as the ability to solve problems, but it is the judgment about the behavior of other who have to solve problems. Top down robotics is equal to implement a referee in software who decides which player has won the game.
The perhaps most often used example for top down evaluation function is available for the 15 puzzle game. The 15 puzzle game is implemented together with the manhattan distance scoring function to measure who far a certain position is away from the goal state. It is up to the player in the game how to minimize the costs.