The classification matrix shows algorithms on two categories: a) mathematics to linguistics and b) batch to interactive processing. Artificial Intelligence in the past was influenced by the bottom left section based on optimization algorithms like PSO and search algorithms like RRT. These algorithms are useless for advanced robot control so there was a need to invent more advanced techniques.
Advanced means that at first the former focus on mathematics was replaced by a linguistics paradigm. Early examples were ontologies, OWL and knowledge graph. And second the former batch oriented paradigm was replaced by interactive systems. An example which combines both is voice control robotics which is based on interactive with a human user and by natural language.
Voice control was popular in the 2010 for example in the MIT forklift robot and has evolved in more recent vision language action models based on neural networks available since 2025. These state of the art robot control algorithms are located top right in the chart.
Let us take a closer look into the figure. Algorithms in the past were designed with a certain purpose. For example simulated annealing allows to find the local minimum for a cost function which is the correct algorithms more most mathematical optimiziation problems. Other concepts like ontologies were designed to capture domain specific knowledge. It allows a computer to access human knowledge.
The problem with these algorithms was, that they are not powerful enough. Its not possible to use them directly for robot control. Its unclear how a certain robot OWL ontology has to look like and an algorithms like potential field has a very long runtime. So there is a need to develop a new sort of algorithm which is located in a different section of the figure.
This missing Quadrant is located on top right in the figure at the interaction of linguistics + interactive. Such kind of algorithms are very powerful and are new developments. ITs possible to use them for robot control. Their inner working is based on linguistics on the one hand that means, domain knowledge isn't stored in numbers but in words, and secondly they are based on external feedback loops realized with interactive control. That means, a human operator gives a textual command to the robot like "move north and stop".
If these algorithms are labeled with a single term it would be "voice control". These algorithms are working very different from classical AI algorithms in the past because there is no mathematical optimiziation problem and there is no semantic network or knowledge graph available anymore. Instead the algorithm acts as a parser. Its an interface between man and machine.






