Short history of the assembly line

 

Even assembly lines are used frequently by the capitalism the amount of literature about the subject is small. To understand the situation better we have to go back to the time before the first conveyor belt was invented. What human societies are trying to achieve is to produce goods. For example, food and household products. Before somebody can eat bread it has to be produced first.

The main bottleneck in production goods is the low productivity. It takes cost and amount of time until a product is ready. For example, if somebody tries to create a bread in the home kitchen he will need some hours until the bread is ready to consume. The amount of invested time and money has influence to the cost how the product is sold.

The assembly line is a way to improve the productivity. The idea is that at least the transportation of products from one station to another is fully automatized by the conveyor belt. And the task at each station is performed by human labor. In a more advanced setup mechanical machines are used as workstations so that the amount of human labor is reduced further.

What all studies for assembly lines have shown is, that the principle works remarkable well. It is some sort miracle to compare assembly line factories with their manual counterpart. The advantage for the assembly line is huge.

Especially for producing mass products the principle is the best known technique today. It helps to reduce the costs for a single product drastically. And perhaps this advantage is the main reason why the assembly line is described seldom in the literature. It works too good to be true. That means companies how are using the technique are able to increase their productictity drastically and the amount of production is endless. The assembly line has generated the paradox situation that valuable products are no longer limited but they can be produced in endless amount of quantities. The same factory can produce 100 units per day or it can produce 10k units per day. And no further costs will be there.

Basically spoken a well maintained assembly line can create products out of nothing, similar to what a magician is doing. Assembly lines are improved further with the introduction of robots. The transportation from goods between the workstations was automated since the beginning, but in the past, human workers were needed for eacht workstation. A robot can automate the remaining workforce so at the end, no humans at all are needed. This is not wishful thinking but it is the reality.

Let us try to understand what the consequence is. The consequence is, the production costs for mass products can become zero or nearly zero. This sounds great for the customer but it can produce negative results for the economy in general. The capitalism is great in managing limited resources, but if the goods are provided for free the idea of capitalism is no longer working. Basically spoken, the fully automated assembly line is a positive and a negative thing at the same time. It has revolutionized the capitalism in the 19th century but it will make the capitalism obsolete in the future.

From a technical perspective a factory is doing two things. First thing is to transport goods between the workstations. That means, at workstation 1 the bread is created and at workstation 2 it gets packaged. The distance in between has to be traveled for all the breads. Somebody may argue, that it is not very complicated to take a bread with a weight of 500g and transport it 500 meter to the next workstation. Sure, for a single unit this is true, but what will happen if the same action has to be done 1000 times? Then it is a large scale logistics problem. And exactly this problem is solved by a conveyor. A conveyor is an automated logistics machine which works 24/7 without any human labor. The only thing what is needed is electric current and the conveyor will transport thousands of raw products.

The second task which is done in a factory is to handle an item at the workstation. For example to put a bread into a box. Automating this task with machines is more complicated. Some mechanical machines are available but most of the work is done by humans. So we can say that a workstation is the weak point of an assembly line. If the humans are working slow, the conveyor speed is limited. From a technical perspective a single workstation can be automated with a robot. A typical example is a pick&place robot who is packaging the bread into a box by itself. No humans are needed but the operation works autonomously. Such kind of production line is the most advanced technology available. The output per minute is high and the overall costs are low.

The main advantage is, that such a system is used for mass production. It can create easily many bread in an hour and this is what today's and future companies are doing.

Production lines and robots have some of inner logic which is realized in any case. The main principle is to increase the productivity. All converyors and all robots are created with the goal to do so. That means, the though output is high, the costs are low and the benefit for the owner of such a machine is high. The reason is that technology is used to solve problem. The problem in capitalism is how to produce goods. There is need to create a certain amount of bread, and the bread factory is doing so. It doesn't make sense to invent a conveyor who runs slowly or build a robot who is making mistakes. These potential errors are fixed easily and at the end the machine is running with maximum productivity.

 

Conveyor

At foremost a conveyor is a technical innovation. It consists of an electric motor plus a tape. After activating the machine it will transport the items. Even the principle looks not very advanced it can be used everywhere. Especially for cases in which a high amount of units has to be transported the conveyor is a here to stay principle. It is superior over human powered transport vehicles and it outperforms even a car or a truck. for lower distances.

How to write Wikipedia articles?

 

Wikipedia is without any doubt the most successful online encyclopedia in the world. Many million people are reading the information every day but only a small fraction is motivated to contribute to the project. This mismatch is surprising because after adding new information to an article it is for sure, that somebody else will read it. So Wikipedia provides an additional value over a normal weblog in which in the worst case, newly created content is perceived by anybody.

The main reason why somebody isn't uploading content to Wikipedia is because the pipeline is hard to understand. It is simply not predictable if a certain sort of content is wanted by wikipedia or not. Some tutorials were written in the past how to participate at Wikipedia but the amount of newbies who likes to read these tutorials is low. That chance is high, that only the existing wikipedia authors are interested in edit in the project and apart from this closed circle nobody else is motivated to learn how Wikipedia is working internally.

Somebody may argue, that this situation has to be changed and that everybody can become a Wikipedia author. According to the raw numbers, this wishful thinking stays in contrast to the reality. Even the english wikipedia which is the largest project wasn't able to increase the amount of authors but they have become smaller over the years. Basically spoken, 99% of the world population isn't interested in the project at all, but they are happy with reading the existing content without become part of the project.

Even if the situation looks bad there is need to iimprove the Wikipedia project and add new articles. The reason is, that for many important topics no information is provided yet and somebody has to write all the missing information. So the question is, how to do so?

Today's Wikipedia works entirely with references at the end. These references are more important than the article itself. So the first question is, which sort of sources has to be selected? In the information age there are different sources available: online forums, books, youtube clips, weblogs, private websites and academic journals. From a technical point all these sources can be added into an article, and there are real life examples available in which exactly this was done. But let us describe the situation from a more conservative perspective. The most valuable sources for a wikipedia article are printed books and printed academic journals.

This excludes youtube clips, amateur websites and online forums and accepts only content which was written for university students and very important which was peer reviewed. peer review is a step before a book or journal gets printed.

Websites like plos (which is an electronic journals) and Academia.edu (which is an academic social network) are never printed but they are electronic only academic websites. From a conservative standpoint, electronic only publications are not peer reviewed so they are not allowed as a wikipedia reference. This makes it easier to define what a good source for wikipedia is:

It is either a printed book or a printed academic journal.

Now it is possible to describe the workflow how to create a new paragraph for a wikipedia article. First some references are identified. Then notes are taken from these references. Then the notes are converted into full text. In the next step the wiki syntax is ended and last but not least the paragraph is uploaded to Wikipedia.

This is the overall workflow how to update Wikipedia as an author. Sure, the pipeline is very complicated and it is done only by people who are already familiar with the project. But this is how Wikipedia is working. Every information not available in a printed book or printed journal can't be added to Wikipedia.

Predicting failure pattern for Linux

 

Most windows user are shy to give Linux a chance. The reason is, that they expect that something with the installation will fail. Failure means, that the graphics card isn't detected, that that hardware isn't able to connect to the internet and that the newly installed system won't boot anymore.

In spite of so much positive articles how wonderful Linux is, that fear of Windows users is right. Especially if they have bought recent hardware in a store the chance is high that all the Linux distributions won't work.

Or let me explain it the other way around: First assumption is that the electronics stores are selling brandnew laptops. Second assumption is, that especially computer experts are buying the latest hardware because they want the maximum performance and high quality LED screen. So the resulting situation is, that the user sits on an advanced computer but Linux won't work with this machine. The strength of Linux is, that it will run on older computers which were sold 2 years before.

This kind of mismatch can't be fixed by a single user. No matter if he is using Debian; Linux Mint or Arch Linux. The chance is high that the kernel won't recognize the chipset and the only one who can fix the problem is Linus torvalds in the upstream.

From a communication situation it is interesting to describe who feels in charge to fix the problems. Nobody feels responsible. The Linux distribution will argue, that it depends on the kernel to detect recent hardware. The kernel maintainer will argue, that the hardware is available for only 6 months which is too short to write a driver and the hardware vendor will argue, that the system was tested with Windows but not with Linux.

Instead of judging who is wrong in this game let us make a simple thought experiment. Suppose 100 randomly selected new laptops are choosen. How many of them will work with Linux? 10% or less. The rest will have major problems for wifi, gpu and SSDs. None of these problems can be fixed by changing a config file, but they have to do with writing new sourcecode in the upstream. This makes Linux a useless operating system for new computers. And this means if Windows are shy to give Linux a chance they are right. They are estimating that Linux won't boot and this will happen in the reality.

Will robots steal your jobs?

 

There are different sorts of robots available. First category are educational robots like Lego Mindstorms and research robots like line following robots. These device are used for teaching Artificial Intelligence at the university, and they are used by researchers as a testbed for implementing new algorithm. It is unlikely that these robot will replace human workers because the tasks they are solving are not done by humans. Even if a line following robot is able to master the par curs this won't have any effects to the global economy.

The second category of robots are working quite different. Industrial robots and especially robots at the assembly line are created with the purpose to increase the productivity. The idea of a packaging robot who puts food into a box is, to replace human workers who have the task in the past. These robots can replace human workers and they will influence the global economy.

The reason is not located in the robots itself or the software they are using but it has to do with how the economy is working. What most companies are doing is to mass produce goods like clothes, food, and other products. For example the idea behind a pizza making factory is to create each day 100k pizzas and freeze them at -20 degree. Then the packages are transportet with trucks to the end customer. That means, the economy is about mass production and mass shipment. If robots are utilized to improve these tasks, then the technology will replace human workers.

Or let me explain it the situation from a different perspective. A pizza making factory has no demand for a robot who can navigate in a maze. Because there is maze in the factory. What is available during the prozcess is a production line. So the factory has a demand for robots for this purpose. With this idea in mind it is possible to predict at which moment human workers will be replaced by humans. Suppose two robot models are created by the engineers. First one is a robot created for the assembly line to handle large amount of items. And the second robot is an automated truck which can drive by it's own at the highway.

Both robots combined will affect the global economy strongly. The result is that all the human workers are getting replaced by these two robot models and the result is a new situation in which mass automation is available.

Dividing computer history into two groups

 

Most computer museums are trying to explain on a time axis the development of computer technology. The idea is that all the computers in the 1960s have something in common and were replaced by much faster computers in the 1970s. The problem is, that this description emphasizes to much revolutionary technology so each year is labeled as a major milestone. But if every year is important no year is important and the technology can't be described at all.

The more elegant way in structure the computer history is to introduce only two periods. First one is from 1940s to 1992 and the second is from 1992 until today. From the self understanding of computing history the year 1992 can be seen as the transition from forth generation microprocessors to 5 th generation artificial intelligence. That means, the generations 1 to 4 are put into the same basket and the 5 th generation since 1992 is the second basket.

Let us describe the situation in detail. The most advenced computers in the year 1992 were systems like the atari ST, the 296 Intel PC and the early sun workstations. These systems are able to emulate all the computers before, that means an MS-DOS 286 PC can be seen as a modern calcluator which has replaced transistorized computers. The idea was to combine electornics compoenents like a harddrive, a cpu and a monitor into a single unit and this called a personal computer. This was exactly the objective of the are from 1940-1992. That means all the computers were created with this objective in mind and took many decades until the goal was realized.

The computers invented after the year 1992 were created with a different objecitve. The main goal of this area which is valid today is to connect the computers to a world wide internet and to realize Artificial Intelligence.

Let us describe the situation until 1992. The interesting situation was, that none of the computers in that area were used to control robots and none of the computer were connected the internet. Sure, some exception from this rule are available, because the internet has it's roots in the 1970s. But this application was a minor application and not discussed widely. In contrast the computing debate until 1992 was around more technical things like how to build 8bit cpus, how to implement programming languages and how to use a pc as a word processing machine.

Analyzing the advertisement for Stackexchange

The stackexchange network has an interesting AI section which is available under https://ai.stackexchange.com/ Instea of reading the postings itself, I'd like to give an introduction into the ads on the website. Right top there is a large box which contains commercial advertaisment for the KeyDB database. The same advataisment is available in a banner layout on top of each posting. If the user clicks on the ad, he gets the information that the ad was created by google.

If the user is browsing on the SE.AI website. The ad is switching into a another one which is rev.ai According to the self-claim, rev.ai is an accurate speech to text api which is sometimes called a voice recognition engine.

Industrial robots at the assembly line

 

Assembly lines are the most efficient production facilities out there. There are running 24/7, there are mounted o a fixed place and they can be automated. In contrast to research oriented robotics projects like Robocup or micromouse an industrial robot mounted at the assembly line is doing something meaningful.

From the history point of view, assembly lines are a typical example of mass production at the lowest cost. The question is not how to produce and package a single piece of pizza but millions of them each day. The goal is to increase the quantity and reduce for a single unit down to zero. Then the product is sold to the mass consumer. Somebody may argue that mass produced goods which are created by assembly lines are outdated. From a research perspective this might be correct, because programming such a robot can become a boring task. On the other hand, such maschines are highly important for the economy. They are the backbone of the capitalism.

so let us think about not to create toy robots which can play games or helping in the kitchen, but the idea is to create real robots for the assembly line. Such a robot is never autonomous and he has no onboard battery pack. Instead, the amount o electrical current is endless and the system can be created with heavy metallic parts.

First thing to do is not to focus on the robot itself but on the concrete task. An assembly line delivers a raw product from the left, then an action is made on the work station and the improved product is delivered to the right side. This principle is repeated many times. A typical example is a workstation which drills a hole in each piece of wood delivered by the assembly line. The technical question is how to program a robot which can do such task error free.

To answer the question we have to investigate how research oriented robots are getting programmed and adapt this technology for industrial robot programming. A state of the art technique for implementing Artificial Intelligence is a reward function which maps the current state to a numerical value. This is equal to evaluate the actions of the robot If the robot is working well the reward function will show a value of 0.95, 0.94, 0.96 and so on. But if the robot made a mistake the score is reduced to a value near 0.0.

This realtime reward function is the backbone in modern robotics. It can be used to realize advanced control systems. At the same time it is utilized to debug existing robot software. Debugging means, that the robot is controlled by a joystick and while the human operator is doing so, he sees on the console the reward value. If this interaction works well enough, it is possible to program another software which removes the joystick from the loop ad controls the robot autonomously.

Let us imagine a robot control software for the drilling task is available already. The robot at the assembly line is repeating the same task over and over again. While it is doing so, the reward value of 0.95 and higher is shown on the display. This reward value can be displayed as a chart and shows what the system is doing. That means, in the robot software there is a module available which converts the current action into a single reward value. No matter what the task is or which programming language was used, the reward value is always visible. The importance is the same like the amount of energy a robot consumes. It is not a physical measurement but it is a task oriented information which have to do with the Artificial Intelligence in the robot.

Let us imagine under which condition a reward value of 0.95 is shown for a drilling robot First important thing is, that the drilling starts at the correct position, not to early and not to late Second important thing is, that the hole has a certain length. If everything is perfect the reward is equal to 1.0 which is the maximum value.

How future ready are q-tips?

 

Q-tips are everywhere. In contrast to the explicit warning label on each box not to use it for cleaning the ear, the majority of customers around the world are doing so. They are buying billions of qtips each year and the only reason why the consumption is so high is because it is used for removing the earwax. On the first look the procedure looks harmless. The user can remove earwax and won't feel pain. Everything looks fine.

What most newbies doesn't know is, that 700 Million people each year have to visit ENT doctors around the globe only because they have have clogged ear and sometimes an ear infection or more serious diseases. The problem with qtips is that the catastrophic effect will occur over a longer timespan. It takes some months until the cerumen is compressed near the ear drum. Then the person will put his head under water and bacteria will flood into the ear. But the water can't leave the ear canal and an infection will grow exponential.

So if qtips are wrong, what is the recommended alternative? It is called a aspirator bulb. This rubber device is filled with water and the water is pressed into the ear canal. The same technique is used by most ENT doctors to remove the ear wax. It is a but unusual in doing so but it works well enough.

A while ago there was an interesting paper published in which the relationship between using qtips and ear infections was analyzed. the conclusion was that nearly all ear infections are produced by qtips and nothing else. This was determined by two trial groups. The first volunteer group were using qtips, the other not. And then it was compared which persons have to deal with otitis media and which not. Another hint why qtips might be a bad idea to remove cerumen is available if someone analyzes the situation from a technical perspective. Suppose in a small opening there is some dust and somebody moves a qtip back and forth, it is very likely that a remaining fraction of the dust remains in the opening forever and gets compressed at the dead end. And exactly at this location a lot of bacteria can grow.

Suppose somebody feels that his ears are clogged. So it might be caused by compressed earwax. The interesting situation is that a look into the ear canal with a microscope will show, that the cerumen is always located very deep in the canal so that it is impossible to remove it. Deep means, that the cerumen is next to the ear drum and this organ is very sensitive. What wil happen if somebody tries to clean earwax which is very deep in the ear canal? Right, it will hurt the eardrum for sure. Such a situation is not a trivial one but it is serious health condition. The interesting point is, that many people are affected by this issues. 100% of the world population is equipped with ears and all these ears are producing a lot of earwax every day. That means, doing a mistake in this procedure is equal to a global health problem.