Typst als Ersatz für LaTeX

 LaTeX gilt seit den 1980er als defakto Standard unter Unix um wissenschaftliche Dokumente zu formatieren. Bersonders bei sehr umfangreichen Dokumenten die ein einheitliches Layout erhalten sollen, hat LaTeX seine Stärke. Trotz der gewöhnungsbedürftigen Syntax gilt es als leicht zu erlernen und lange Zeit gab es keine wirkliche Alternative zu dieser Software.

Seit einiger Zeit hat sich die unscheinbare Typst Software zu einem ernstzunehmenden Ersatz für LaTeX etabliert. Die Syntax von Typst ist ähnlich wie markdown aufgebaut und beinhaltet Kommandos um float-Abbildungen einzufügen, Tabellen zu erstellen, preformatted Text auszugeben sowie eine automatische Gliederung zu erstellen. Die wesentlichen Verbesserungen von typst gegenüber LaTeX sind:

- es benötigt nur 50 MB auf der Festplatte anstatt 5 GB
- die Syntax ist einfacher und logischer
- das Übersetzen einer Typst datei in eine PDF Datei dauert weniger als 1 Sekunde

Der einzige Grund warum Typst bisher LaTeX noch nicht verdrängt hat ist die Gewohnheit der Nutzer. Die LaTeX Community gilt als konservativ und viele nutzen die Software seit den 1980er Jahren also seit über 40 Jahren. Das macht den Wechsel auf eine andere Plattform aufwendig.

Es gibt jedoch einen simplen Trick wie der Umstieg auf typst gelingt. Und zwar mit der selben Methode wie man auf neue Technologie generell wechselt: man löscht die veraltete Software von der Software und gewinnt so Freiraum sich auf etwas neues einzulassen. In Linux lautet der Befehl:

apt remove texlive*

Der Vorteil von typst ist dass das Projekt sehr viel aufgeräumter wirkt. Es fehlen unzählige veraltete Pakete die historisch bedingt sind, stattdessen wurden die meisten features fest in die Software einprogrammiert. Ähnlich wie bei LateX auch haben Neueinsteiger mit einer gewissen Lernkurve zu kämpfen. Man muss sich erstmalig durch die Dokumentation kämpfen um so eine Minimal Datei zu erstellen, welche die gewünschten Layout einstellungen beinhaltet. Man definiert z.b. die Seitengröße A4, legt den gewünschten Systemfont fest, definiert einige Tabellenparameter wie z.b. liniendicke und definiert die Häufigkeit der Silbentrennung. Sind diese vorarbeiten einmal erledigt, kann man die selbe Rumpfdatei nutzen um damit beliebig viele PDF Dokumente zu erstellen. Ähnlich wie bei LaTeX müssen Autoren nur den Text eingeben und die Software rendert die Darstellung auf dem Bildschirm.

Und das macht typst ausgesprochen gut, im Regelfall sind die Abbildungen sinnvoll platziert und auch der Blocksatz sieht halbwegs professionell aus. Die Qualität ist nicht ganz so optimiert wie bei pdflatex, es gibt also durchaus noch Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten. Aktuell ist derzeit die typst version 0.15 vom Juni 2026.

The art of academic prompting

 In the past, academic papers were written by human scholars. The only technical support was the LaTeX formatting engine released in 1986 and improved over decades. A first attempt to generate academic papers with a context free grammar was made in 2005 based on the Scigen software. But the output quality was poor and such a paper doesn't contain any valuable information.

A more serious attempt to generate a paper with artificial intelligence is a large language model. In theory, such a neural network is more than capable in replacing human authors, the only missing element is an academic prompt. Such a prompt is needed to instruct the LLM to produce high quality output. A simple prompt like "write an arxiv like paper about {topic]" would generate only low quality content and can't compete with a handwritten papers. A much better prompt is given here:

Create a Luhmann zettelkasten, each notecard has a title, a luhmann id and short keypoints. Make sure that the zettelkasten consists of overall 1000 index cards. If this large amount of content can't be created in a single step, delegate the task to multiple instances of Large language models. if the zettekasten was created convert the index cards into an academic paper. The overall topic is [topic].

Such kind of prompt will emulate the chaotic writing process of a human author and will generate a high quality academic paper. It can compete with existing handwritten papers and on the long hand it will replace existing scholarly pipeline based on traditional craftsmanship.

For a human author such a command would be a long term project which will need around 1 year. It takes time to create a Luhmann style zettelkasten because each note card contains the references to academic literature. But a computer can do the same task much faster. 

The inbetween step with a zettelkasten note card system is needed to maintain a memory of the subject. It allows the AI to develop the ideas in an iterative fashion which results into higher quality of the output paper.

The prediction is, that such a LLM prompt will pass the turing test for academic papers, that means, a human peer reviewer can't say if a certain paper was created by a human or a machine. This allows to scale up the automated writing process which replaces outdated human driven academic writting with modern AI generated scholarly content. The amount of annual created papers will explode and at the same time the quality of each paper is much higher. 

Creating a Luhmann style Zettelkasten with the Lyx software

One of the key problems with the Luhmann style note taking method is that it is very complicated to explain and it differs in many points from note taking in the past. The problem with manual note taking on index cards is, that it has much in common with an art project in which somebody has invented his own handwriting style and his own structure which is difficult to explain to others. In contrast, the problem with digital only note taking software is, that the programs are never working the same and endless amount of features are available. So the question is, what is Luhmann style note taking from a birds eye perspective?

A good starting point is to use an existing word processing software like Lyx and creating notes in this software. Advantage is, that not a certain note taking software is needed and the user is not asked to learn a certain software. What is working in an existing word like program can be transfered to other programs easily. In contrast to dedicated outline editors, the Lyx program has some disadvantages for example the full text search is poor, the hyperlinks are difficult to navigate and inserting images makes trouble. Nevertheless i have decided to take the software as an example to explain how to create notes.

Let us start the workflow from scratch with an empty document. The side pane in the left shows the sections of the document.

The main idea is to store the notes without folders but store the notes in a sorted list. This idea can be realized in Lyx with the paragraph style. Each paragraph name is shown in the left outline pane.

To make the note taking process more realistic, some information are added for each note which includes the creation date, keypoints and of course the sources. Until now the situation looks not very exciting, because the document contains of only some notes.

For implementing a typical luhmann style zettelkasten two additional elements are needed: a luhmann ID and a maximum length of a note.

The luhmann id defines the position of each node in the sorted list. It is defined once durcing the creation of the node and never changed. For adding a new node at a certain position the node-id is selected in a certain way. The screenshot shows an example for adding a new node between two older nodes.

The typical question of a newbie is why should somebody add new information between other nodes wouldn't it be more common to add new notes at the end? The idea of a Luhmann Zettelkasten is to group notes by it's similarity to existing nodes. It's a clustering mechanism which allows to recall the information later. This is maybe the most obvious difference to note taking in the past. In a luhmann zettelkasten it is a bit complicated to add something. Because the correct position has to identified first and then the appropriate luhmann id has to be created.

Adding more random notes to the existing structure will result into a longer outline list in the lyx editor. The idea is that each note has a maximum size of 700 Byte which is equal to write an A6 index card. The list will become longer and longer. There are no tags, groups or subsections but the node's hierarchy is defined only by the Luhmann id.

Sometimes the Luhmann Zettelkasten gets improved with further elements for example a dedicated bibliography, the ability to insert images and hyperlinks. Hyperlinks means that a link from one node is created to another node. But these improvement are only minor details which can be ignored in the first step. The basic principle is to make sure that each node has a maximum size of 700 bytes and that a Luhmann id is available.

The main strength of the method is, that it scales up to larger amount of content. The screenshot is showing only 9 nodes but technically it is possible to create 100, 200 and even 2000 nodes with the strategy easily. At the end the user has in the left outline pane a long list of nodes and will see in the main window the content for each node. Thanks to the Luhmann id, similar nodes are located nearby. The document is a linear list which can be scrolled from top to bottom. It is some sort of sorted chaos. At the one hand it looks very messy because of the huge amount of small nodes, on the other hand it is very well structured because every knowledge fits into the same sorted list.

Faster citation with the Lyx software

 

The LaTeX typesetting system allows to cite external literature. instead of providing one or two footnotes, LaTeX can create a reference list with hundreds of items. A huge amount of references is a typical requirement for an academic paper and it is not possible to redefine the rule. The only detail question is, how many citations are needed for each us-letter page. Are 8 references enough or does the paper needs 12 and more citations for every page?

 

Unfortunately it is a complicated to format the citations from the authors perspective. Sure, Tex has a built in bibtex format and the Lyx frontend allows to include a bibtex file at the end. The problem is, that most lliterature databases are not supporting bibtex, and adding new items on the fly might be a bit complicated. 

 

Let us make a practical example to show the bottleneck. Suppose somebody likes to insert a reference in lyx. First, he has to search in the internet for the correct bibtex string. Then, he has to insert it at the end of the bibtex file in an external texteditor. Then, he needs to know the bibtex key and the key is inserted in Lyx. Such a workflow can be mastered for one or two references but if someone likes to cite hundreds of papers a different approach is needed.

 

A possible, easier to manage alternative, is to avoid the bibtex format and cite everything in footnotes. Advantage is that the plain text citation can be inserted directly in lyx. To aggregate all the footnotes at the end of the document a bit of LateX programming is needed:

\usepackage{enotez}
\let\footnote=\endnote
\newcommand{\bracketme}[1]{\,[#1]}
\setenotez{
  totoc,
  backref=true,
  mark-cs={\bracketme},
  list-style=plain,
}
\DeclareInstance{enotez-list}{plain}{paragraph}{
  format=\normalsize\leftskip1.25em ,
}
\printendnotes

The enotez package is included in the preamble and some adjustment are made (increased font size, better indentation, square brackets for the footnotes and so on).

Creating a Zettelkasten with Lyx

 

In a recent video the Zettelkasten (which is a german word for creating a catalog of index cards) of Niklas Luhmann was explained in detail. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUtCMdeqauE Somewhere in the Intenet there is a sophisticated Java software available which is mainly a relational database which has converted the idea into the digital age. But, both examples (the analog version and the software version as well) are not efficient enough. A more elaborated version of creating a Luhmann like Zettelkasten is explained next.

The idea is to a use a text file in an outliner tool like Scrivener or Lyx instead of using a database which provides different fields for date, keywords and references. The reason is, that database fields have to be filled and are not flexible enough. The main structure of a note taking app is based on keywords and keywords have much in common with sentences in a natural language.

Perhaps some explanations are helpful. New items are created in the add section. An item is equal to a paragraph and the title is shown in bold. Then some notes are enclosed also a reference is given. If the item was created in the add section it gets transferred into the main section into the correct category. This is done by simple copy&paste method of the outliner software.

Such a simplified pipeline is working closely with the original idea of a zettelkasten. The mechanism was known 300 years ago and it was not described by the index cards itself but by the workflow how to create new cards. What researchers and fiction authors have done in the past was the following.

1. They are going to the library and making notes into a normal book in a chronological order

2. At home, a scissors is taken to divide the page into sections

3. The sections (=items) are sorted by category into a card box

If the process is repeated frequently hundred of these cards are created. The card box is only the result the more interesting element is that scissor is needed to create the items from the written notes. In the screenshot this workflow can be emulated with an outliner tool much easier. New items are added only in the add section and the main section is the archive.

Text publishing in the Linux operating system

 The short summary is, that Lyx is the most advanced typesetting software. The details why this makes sense is given next.

The perhaps obvious attempt to create a text is a text editor, for example gedit. The problem with plain text editors is that they are not able to handle images and tables which are both needed for creating pdf documents. So the question is, how to create such complex documents? There is more than a single option for doing so:

- latex
- libreoffice, abiword
- HTML
- pandoc

All these options have advantages and disadvantages. Typeseeting is a complex domain and many books and papers were written about it. The reason why latex outperforms all the other software packages is not because of the software itself, but because of the communit yaround it. If someone enters in a search engine of choice a typographic related question he can be sure, that this question was discussed already in a tex related content. That means the tex community is the largest typographic oriented community in the internet.

In theory it is possible to format a document with abiword or HTML. From a technical perspective both programs are well suited for the job. The abiword software is a lightweight program which supports twocolumn mode, can generate pdf files and has access to all the build in fonts. Also the HTML language is well suited for created documents. The largest HTML standard supports hyphenation, justified text and of course PNG images. Or let me explain it a bit more direct. A bad formatted latex document and a well formatted abiword document are looking nearly the same.

In the latex community there is a single tool available which has a unique position: lyx. In contrast to all the other frontends like Scientific word, texmaker or emacs, lyx combines many features. It allows to create easily complex documents and the main strength is perhaps the ability to insert linked images plus the outline window. So lyx has much in common with an outline editor but it is producing TeX quality documents.

The famous typesetting system from knuth was mentioned already. The reason why this program is used frequently is because the ability to produce justified text. Perhaps it makes sense to explain this feature in detail. Information in the internet are usually displayed in a sans serif font with left justified paragraphs. This is the most efficient way to present text on low resolution monitors. Sans serif fonts are easier to read, and left justified text makes it easier for a browser to reformat the content if the size of the windows is changed.

In contrast printed text needs a different format. The common standard for printed documents is to use a serif font in combination with a fully justified paragraph. Creating fully justified paragrpahs is more complex because the change is high that longer white spaces are visible. To prevent these white gaps, TeX is using the Knuth Plass line wrapping algoirthm. Tex and Adobe Indesign are the only programs available which are able to do so.

MS-Word, Abiword, libreoffice writer and HTML are not using a global optimization technique and the result is, that the justified paragraphs has a lower quality. In theory there are some github repositories available with the aim to implement knuth plass line breaking algoirthm in the HTML rendering engine. But until now this isn't possible. So we can say that from an objective standpoint, tex is the  most advanced typesetting software available and has the largest community. So it is a here to stay if someone likes to create documents with a computer.

Some applause for the lyx software

 

It is some sort of mystery why the LaTeX ecosystem has so many followers. The only time in which LaTeX was new an shiny was in the 1980s but then many other powerful software were created but it seems that the TeX community doesn't recognizes the change.

Suppose the idea is that LaTeX and especially the Lyx frontend has become old and outdated and the user likes to use a better alternative. Which sort of software comes close to the TeX experience? There are three possible replacement available:

1. text based formatting like lout and markdown
2. WYSIWYG like Libreoffice writer
3. newspaper layout programs like indesign and scribus

Let us start with the first category which has to do with markdown and HTML. In theory, these programs are working similar to tex. The problem is that it remains hard to convert a markdown file into the pdf format. The well known pandoc renderer isn't able to do so natively but he is using LaTeX as a backend. And rendering a HTML file into pdf will result into lower quality.

What most non TeX users are prefering to write longer documents is perhaps libreoffice writer. The current version is 7.0. But libreoffice has some problems. First one is, that after inserting more than 3 images the GUI will become very slow. The recommneded workaround is to deactivate the display of the images. Indeed this will provide the maximum performance, but then the user can't see what the figure is about.

A second problem in libreoffice is, that the images can't be scaled simple to 50%. After resizing the frame with a mouse the new size will affect the ratio and the dialog box has no ability to maintain a certain ratio. Also libreoffice doesn't supports floating images and the ability to create fully justified text is low.

On the other hand of the line there are sophisticated layout programs available like scribus. Sometimes Scribus and indesign are recommended to fulfill professional needs. But a closer look at this programs will show, that they are doing the opposite from what a technical authors needs. The main idea is that the user is creating frames on the page, but this is not what a text author likes to do. A book or an academic paper isn't defined by it's visual structure but by hierarchical sections. That means a book is working with 1. section, 1.2 as a subsection and so on. This system isn't supported in Scribus. Even the creation of a table of contents is practical impossible.

We can reduce the comparison to a small question: Can libreoffice writer replace Lyx? The answer is no. Even Libreoffice has reached a high version number 7, it is in the current version not able to process lots of images in a technical document. That means there is a reason why latex, lyx or texniccenter is available. All the programs have a measurable advantage over libreoffice. The main idea behind TeX is very easy to explain: There is somewhere a plain text file which is less than 500 kb. This text file is edited in the software of choice and after running the LaTeX software the pdf file is rendered which can contain endless amount of figures, tables and high resolution pictures. The user won't get any problems in creating such large documents nor he gets a slowdown from the software while entering the text.

Comparison between Lyx and Libreoffice for technical writing

 

The good news is that the amount of possible software for creating larger technical documents is low. Software for creating entire newspapers like Scribus and Adobe Indesign are not suited for the task. These programs have a strength in arranging photos but they aren't supporting textual writing nor formatting of bibliographies. The remaining programs which are in theory suitable to support technical authors are LaTeX, Lyx, Libreoffice and MS-Word.

So it is some sort of contrast between LaTeX on the one hand and MS-Word on the other which represents WYSIWYG software. The open question is which one is better?

The screenshot on top of this postings shows both philosophies in direct comparison. What is shown in detail is the document structure which is later rendered into a pdf file. In both cases the user enters a hierarchical text similar to an outline tool and this is converted into linear text document.

Even if the Lyx frontend looks a bit more clean, the winner of the comparison is Libreoffice Writer. The reason is that the software can be used for many additional things than only technical writing and has the larger community. In contrast, the combination of lyx and LaTeX needs very high amount of dies space and the amount of people how are using the software has become smaller than in the past.

From a historical standpoint the LaTeX software was the dominant program for academic writing Because the program was available in the 1980s in which even MS-Word wasn't available. And even today, the ability of LaTeX to create mathematical formulas is working very well.

On the other hand, with a bit o guidance, the Libreoffice Writer software or of course MS-Word can be used very well for technical authoring. All what is needed is to activate the outline / navigator mode so that the user sees in the left pane the document structure. This allows to add new sections in addition to the existing ones.

How to write longer technical documents

 

There is some sort of mystery available about how to create longer documents and especially academic books. On the first look the problem is easy to manage because there are word processing tools like MS-Word available plus dedicated publishing tools like Framemaker. The problem is that most authors are not interested in using a certain software but they want to know in general how to write a document.

The first thing which is important to know that writing a document has nothing to do with formatting it. Formatting a document can be realized by pressing the CTRL+A key to select the document and then select a font in the menu. So the formatting task is the easier one. The more serious question is how to create the text. This is done with a software tool called outline editor. Without an outline editor it is not possible to write longer technical documents.

Let us take a closer look how the existing programs are working. Software used for writing books are MS-Word, framemaker, libreoffice, latex, lyx and many other. What all these programs have built in is an outline editor. The interesting situation is, that this feature isn't mentioned in the handbook and most authors doesn't know what an outline editor is. But they are using this mode all the time. Let me give an example.

The famous program texniccenter is an IDE for the LaTeX program and according to the amount of documention, texniccenter is used to write papers in the reality. There is a single feature available in the program which is the ability to manage a pane on the left side. This pane can be used to use texniccenter in the outline mode. That means, the user can create notes or longer text and order them in a hierarchical fashion.

The interesting situation that other state of the art programs like MS-Word, lyx or emacs have s similar built in feature. Writing a text means basiically to type in the text into an outline editor. How this editor is called doesn't take matter. And it is also not very important if it is using LaTeX or not. The only thing which is simportant that some sort of outline editor is available. Let us take a look into a seldom mentioned software available as opensource: Cherrytree.

Cherrytree is a normal outline editor without additional formatting options. it can be seen as a tripped down version of Lyx. Lyx needs around 10 GB on the harddrive which includes the TeX back end, but cherrytree works fine with 10 MB space. According to the self description in the debian repository, “CherryTree is a hierarchical note taking application.” And yes the program is more than suited to created longer technical documents.

The interesting fact is, that Cherrytree doesn't belongs to the categories of word processing software. It is not a WYSIWYG software like Word, and it is not LaTeX clone for text based markup. At the same time, the program is the core component of a technical authoring software.

Writing documents for the Academia.edu website

 

The Academia.edu website provides lots of academic papers for downloading. But sometimes there is need to upload something. The reason is because it makes fun, because somebody can learn how to write a paper or because somebody likes to share it's knowledge. The only problem is that creating an academic paper from scratch is a bit hard. The following style guides explains the basics for newbie authors and somebody who likes to behave in such a way.

First thing which is important is, that a complicated two column layout is not the best option for the Academia.edu website. The reason is, that documents are displayed as default in the HTML mode and something with the rendered images is wrong, so the chance is high that precise formatted documents won't like great on the screen. The better idea is to use a minimalist layout which contains of a single column and a larger fontsize. Also it is recommended to deactivate any sort of kerning and fully justified text and use only normal wrapping mode from the document software. Such a layout can be realize with many ways for example, Word, markdown and LaTeX My personal favorite is the Lyx software but it depends on the user's experience.

The more serious problem is what to write in the document. Academia.edu is a scientiic website so it makes sense to choose on of the disciplines like mathematics, physics, literature or psychology as subject. Also it is recommended to reference to external sources which is a sign that the document was created for academic purposes. Writing the text itself is much harder to explain. A good workflow is to use existing content written in the past which was stored on the local harddrive and then convert it into an academic paper. If the user has not written any draft document in the past and the local harddrive doesn't contain self written notes or documents than it is not possible to write an academic paper.

 

After uploading a document to Academia.edu something interesting will happen next. In contrast to the expectation the amount of readers for academic documents is low and even zero. Some blog authors are asking themself why their traffic is so low. In Academia.edu there is no problem with traffic at all because the average traffic for a document is 0 views after 6 months. That means, the author will put a lot of effort into writing a document and then it is ignored by the world.

The problem is not located in the website itself but it has to do with academic content in general. That means academic papers in general are producing no traffic at all. Even Acadedmia.edu has an advanced tool for measuring the daily traffic the chance is high that the charts are showing nothing but zero rreadership in the world.

Why Lyx is a milestone in modern academic publishing

On the web there is an early screenshot of the Lyx software, https://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/linuxjournal/articles/013/1355/1355f3.jpg It shows the version 0.12 from 1999 which looks very strange. The main question the beginner in academic publishing probably has why he needs Lyx if MS-Word works great. To answer the question we must focus on the need of a scientific document.

The average academic paper which gets published at Arxiv and other repositories has some details which are important: citation of external literature, images, tables, hierarchical outline, footnotes. To make clear why these details are important, we can imagine a paper without these features, it will look not very elegant.

The problem is, how to create such features in a pdf document. On a formal level the features have something to do with positioning text on the screen. For example a hierarchical outline results into a table of contents and a big heading over a chapter, while an image is a pixel pattern located in or ontop of the screen. Producing these typographic benefits can be called advanced science. A normal text editor is not able to do so. In the history of book printing many efforts were undertaken to make this possible. For example, if someone is trying to use a simple typerwriter for producing a mathematical formula or a table he will run into problems.

In theory, MS-word can handle all these need. But only in theory. In reality, most papers published at Elsevier and Arxiv are not written in MS-Word. MS-Word is used only for the first draft, then a professional layout program is used for generate the pdf paper. It makes no sense to compare Lyx with MS-Word, the better approach is to compare Lyx with Adobe Framemaker and Indesign. The general question is not “Do we need Lyx?”, the question is: do we need Framemaker?

Let us take a look in current book publishing industry. The software Framemaker and Indesign is used by 99% of typesetters. The only exceptions are self-publisher in which most customers are delivering their pdf paper with MS-Word, but in professional typesetting the better choice is a product of Adobe. Now we can compare Lyx with these tool. Lyx is for free, and has a semantic tagging feature, that means, the formatting is done by the LaTeX backend. In my opinion, Lyx is superior to Adobe Framemaker and other software.

Is Lyx able to handle citations, footnotes, hierarchical outlines, tables and images? Yes, very well. The interesting aspect is, that on one hand the software is very powerful while at the same time the usage is easy. Critics are saying, that with Lyx / LaTeX every document looks the same. But that is not true. The general idea behind Lyx is, that is works like a pure ascii editor. The text can be exported as plaintext, and after it can be used in any other graphic program. That means, even if the author doesn't like the latex backend he can use Lyx for entering structured text, export it to plain text and then paste it in a graphic program. Under Linux, the Scribus software is a hot candidate for making fancy flyers.

Scribus is a bad choice for creating an academic looking paper and it take a very long time until one page is ready, because the user has to manually adjust everything. But if the idea is to positioning text and images freely on the screen, it is a good choice.

Monster

Sometimes, Lyx is called textlayout monster, because in early versions of Linux it was notorious difficult to install. Together with LaTeX, some pdf tools and a vector program the overall amount of discspace Lyx will consume can reach 1000 MB easily. And the number of possibilities the user has is endless. But over the times, Lyx has become more user-friendly. Today the interface looks clean and can be installed with a single command like “dnf install lyx”. I would call the software more easier to use then pure LaTeX, MS-Word or Adobe Framemaker. Everybody who ever tried out the software will never switch back to something different. If somebody is using Lyx and has nevertheless problems with academic writing it has nothing to do with layout questions, but with the content of the text.