From turing machines to artificial intelligence

 A turing machine is a closed system which executes an internal algorithm but doesn't receives sensory data. This restriction allows to describe turing machines in an elegant mathematical fashion and makes it easy to implement turing machines in hardware. Unfurtunately, the inability of turing machines to receives external input for example from a human or an oracle, will prevent artificial intelligence because closed systems can only solve well definied routine problems but fail in advanced creative subjects.

Oracle turing machines or choice machines have the ability to process external information. Realizing such an advanced turing machine in software is surprisingly easy. A robot may stop on a junction and ask the human operator with a multiple choice drop down field what the robot should do next. The human operator can select "move left" or "move right". The selection of the human is submitted to the robot as external guidance and the robot can continoue his mission.

Such kind of robots are sometimes called an open system because the robot communicates with the environment. Instead of executing a predefined program the robot interacts with a higher instance. Such kind of interactive computing can't be described in classical algorithm terms anymore but the man to machine communication is at foremost a communication process from a sender to a receiver.

Modern artificial intelligence is dealing exclusively with open system which are able to communiate but not with closed system which can execute only a predefined algorithm. Open systems are more powerful but also harder to describe because of the mentioned communication language with the external world.